Slides 3(redone)-7

Slides 1-3

Rest Of media terminology

Convergence of technology – is the tendency for different technological           systems to evolve towards performing similar tasks.
Convergence of industrial action -
Synergy - may be defined as two or more things functioning together to produce a result not independently obtainable.
Conglomerate – An international company with a wide and varied range of commercial interests.
Globalization - refers to the increasingly global relationships of culture, people and economic activity.
Analogue Music – When a form of music can not be put into broken form for example, A tape and Vinyl forms of music cannot be taken away from this form but things like CD’s can be copied or ripped onto a computer.

Digitalisation - Integration of digital technologies into everyday life by the digitization of everything that can be digitized.

Vertical Integration - is the idea that data or information on any given electronic device can be read or manipulated by another device using a standard format.
Horizontal Integration – The merger of competing companies from the same line of business and involved at the same level of activity. Mergers or take-overs that would allow particular companies to dominate a market and create a monopoly are subject to laws restricting ownership and government regulation.
Major record labels - a record label is a brand and a trademark associated with the marketing of music recordings and music videos. The largest 4 record labels are called major record labels; these are Sony/BGM, Warner Bros, and universal.
Subsidiary Labels - Artists who are signed to a Big Four record label are either signed to the central label or signed to a subsidiary of the label. For instance, a band may be signed to Sony, or they may be signed to the Sony subsidiary label Columbia Records. These subsidiary labels have their staff and usually sign their own artists and make most of their own financial decisions.
Independent Label - is a record label operating without the funding of or outside the organizations of the major record labels. A great number of bands and musical acts begin on independent labels.

Niche Audience - Relatively small audience with specialized interests, tastes, and backgrounds. Many important forms of social creativity are of direct interest only to niche audiences.

Mainstream Audience - People, activities, or ideas that are part of the mainstream are regarded as the most typical, normal and conventional because they belong to the same group or system as most others of their kind.

Fans - a fanatical enthusiast or supporter

Active Audiences - Active audience theory is a theory that people receive and interpret media messages in different ways, usually according to factors such as age, ethnicity, social class, etc. The audience is neither passive nor homogenous.
Audiophile - An audiophile is a person who has a great interest in high-fidelity sound reproduction some audiophiles are more interested in collecting and listening to music, while others are more interested in collecting and listening to audio components, whose "sound quality" they consider as important as the recorded musical performance, or even more important. The ratio of an audiophile's spending on software (music) versus hardware (audio components) is a rough guide to where they stand in the audiophile spectrum.
Early Adopter - is an early customer of a given company, product, or technology; in politics, fashion, art, and other fields, this person would be referred to as a trendsetter.

Consumption - The process in which the substance of a thing is completely destroyed, used up, or incorporated or transformed into something else. Consumption of goods and services is the amount of them used in a particular time period.

First Half of definitions

Meta Tags/Personalisation- Keywords which main purpose is to provide meta documents to search engines. They can be used to emulate the use of the HTTP response header or give additional embedded meta data in a HTML document.

Download- Downloading either means to receive data to a local system from a remote system or to initiate a data transfer. Downloading may take place from web servers, email servers or other similar systems. A download can either be a file that is being offered for downloading or has been downloaded.

Streaming- A multimedia that is constantly received by and presented to an end user while being delivered by a streaming provider. Live streaming can be done over the internet which involves a camera, an encoder to digitize the content, a media publisher and a content delivery network to distribute the content.

Peer to Peer (P2P)-   Peer-to-peer is a communications model in which each party has the same capabilities and either party can initiate a communication session. Other models with which it might be contrasted include the client/server model and the master/slave model. In some cases, peer-to-peer communications is implemented by giving each communication node both server and client capabilities.

Piracy- The unauthorized use or reproduction of copyrighted or patented materials.

Portability- When the software with the same functionality is produced for several computing platforms, portability is the key issue for development cost production.

Miniaturization- The creation of ever-smaller scales for mechanical, optical, and electronic products and devices. Miniaturization is a continuing trend in the production of such devices.

Multi-track- A method of sound recording that allows separate recording for a cohesive whole.

Sampling- In music, sampling is the act of taking a portion, or sample, of one sound recording and reusing it as an instrument or a different sound recording of a song or piece.

Digital Audio Workstation- A digital audio workstation (DAW) is an electronic system designed solely or primarily for recording, editing and playing back digital audio. DAWs were originally tape-less, microprocessor-based systems such as the Synclavier and Fairlight CMI. Modern DAWs are software running on computers with audio interface hardware.

Artists and Repertoire-  Artists and repertoire (A&R) is the division of a record label that is responsible for talent scouting and overseeing the artistic development of recording artists. It also acts as a liaison between artists and the record label.

Record Detail- A legal agreement between an artist and a recording label in which the artist agrees a record or series of records for the label to sell. The artist often works exclusively for the label it has its contract with.

Royalties- Payments made by one party to another for the on-going use of their music. They are typically agreed as a percentage of gross or net revenues.

Distribution- The process of making material available for the public to use.

Plugging/marketing- Filling a gap in the market with a product that currently doesn’t exist.

Key Terms

Convergence- The coming together of multimedia digital data technologies allowing words, audio, video, graphics and animation to be linked and routed together via broadband to create two-way communications. The idea being to produced, distribute and share.

Synergy- Similar to convergence but used to describe how companies can pool their resources and exploit products in different markets.

Institution- Refers to the companies and organisations that provide media content and involves an understanding of media as business.

Audience- This refers to the way in which people engage with the media. The new digital media: convergence, user-created content and social networking have transformed the audience from a traditional ‘mass’ into a ‘fragmented’ definition.

Production- Recording Music

Distribution- Promoting music and getting it into shops, on the radio and downloaded for payment.

Consumption- People buying C.D.s downloading music, paying for live concert tickets and purchasing related products.

Vertical Integration- Where a media company profits from all aspects of production , distribution and consumption.

Cross Media Ownership- The record company for your case study can be mainstream major company, a multinational or an independent company.

 There are the ‘Big Three’ – Sony/BMG, Warner Bros. Universal. But you need to compare and contrast these with smaller independent labels and music organisations, the music industry is much more open in this respect, with many small labels that contribute to around 20% of the market.